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Hypokalemia prolongs APD by reducing outward current through both K + channels and Na + -K + ATPase. The prolonged APD results in increased Ca 2+ influx through Ca 2+ channels. At the same time, intracellular Ca 2+ removal via Na + -Ca 2+ exchange is compromised by the elevated intracellular [Na +] from Na + -K + ATPase inhibition.